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Product details
File Size: 20404 KB
Print Length: 320 pages
Publisher: W. W. Norton & Company; 1 edition (May 1, 2018)
Publication Date: May 1, 2018
Sold by: Amazon Digital Services LLC
Language: English
ASIN: B076MCVBQH
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Vienna, Austria was the world’s capital of psychoanalysis in the early twentieth century. Freud, Jung, all the greats in the burgeoning field of psychoanalysis, were based there.So was the pediatric psychiatrist, Hans Asperger.Born February 18, 1906 in Vienna, Asperger graduated from the University of Vienna in 1931. He had quickly become renowned for his work on autistic psychopathy. Asperger, true to the times in which he lived, claimed that only boys could be autistic. Girls were simply diagnosed with hysteria.Asperger had studied under Franz Hamburger, and he expanded on Hamburger’s research in pediatric psychiatry. Asperger became the administrator of University Children’s Hospital of Vienna in 1933, where he expanded his research that led to his theory on the syndrome that bears his name today.Asperger firmly believed in tailoring treatment to the individual child, and this was how he trained staff at the hospital. The facility quickly became world renowned for the love and care, as they were looked at at the time, provided to each child.And then came March 12, 1938.Adolf Hitler had risen to power, and on that date he annexed Austria into his growing Third Reich. Government institutions in Austria were put in charge of Nazi officials, including the University Children’s Hospital.Asperger never became a member of the party, but his writing and research quickly shifted from psychiatric treatment of individual children to Nazi groupthink, meaning that he now made psychiatric diagnoses based on the patient’s value to the Volk.Part of this included determining which children should be murdered for the good of the state. Physical disability, mental disability and illness, criminal and negative behavior in school all became excuses to send children to the killing pavilions at Spiegelgrund.Although there is no existing evidence that Asperger personally recommended any children for killing, there is existing evidence that children he sent to Spiegelgrund were killed.Asperger was not among those prosecuted, at the end of World War Two, for killing children. He went on to achieve greater notoriety for his work with autistic children, although he still held to some of his beliefs developed in the Nazi era until his death in 1980."Asperger’s Children" is the most disturbing book I’ve ever read. Historian Edith Sheffer’s work documents the cavalier attitude shown by Nazi officials and doctors when it came to sending those they thought would become a burden to the Reich to be executed.The reminiscences of a few men and women who survived confinement at Spiegelgrund are both troubling and inspiring, as they illustrate how they, under the constant threat of execution, still put others above themselves when possible, as did a few members of the staff. Although there are few photographs of the children in the book, the children whose images are there gaze out at the reader over the decades, with a gaze that seems to be knowledgeable of what their ultimate fate would be. Most troubling are the accounts of parents who turned their children over to the Nazis, with the specific request that they be killed."Asperger’s Children" finally brings to light a new episode in the ongoing story of man’s inhumanity to man. Edith Sheffer reminds us of what once was, and what could be again, if we don’t heed the lessons of history.
Excellent book about a low level Nazi/Catholic psychiatrist who developed a theory about autistic children. His theory was correct in some ways, incorrect in others but was very much a product of its time and of Nazi thinking. Well written, deeply researched and quite scholarly book. The author allows Dr Asperger to make his case essentially that the Third Reich and the thought processes of eugenics were an inevitable product of the times. Then points out they had been responsible for 65 million deaths during WW II and certainly were not benign or inevitable.. Dr. Asperger ‘s theory was picked up in the 80’s by the English speaking world and popularized to explain a portion of the high functioning children who none-the-less showed autistic characteristics, suggesting there is a spectrum of behavior seen in this disorder. These higher functioning autistic children were labeled as having “Asperger’s Syndrome.†Later that label was removed for two reasons: First was a desire to acknowledge that autistic children and adults were all “ on a spectrum “ and there was no definition of what classified someone as having Asperger’s. Second, despite vehement denials during his lifetime it has now been proven that Dr Asperger actively participated in referring multiple children under his care to NAZI child killing centers. He tried to make a case post war that his life was threatened because he was a believing Catholic and he was only saved from incarceration by intervention of his mentor (there are no records of this; he was evaluated by the Nazis several times because he held a high position as clinic director but was not a party member. Each time it was determined he was a reliable fellow who did not join the party because of his Catholic beliefs. There was no indication that he was “out of sync†with party positions.) Although he continued to direct his clinic and eventually the entire Vienna Children’s Hospital, he did not publish anything about autism after the war. His post-war work was concerned mostly with the spiritual life of the dying child. He believed that dying children had completed souls and were prepared to die. Certainly convenient thoughts for a man who sent children to be killed because they “ lived a life unworthy of life.†(In one case that consisted of a club foot, ears that “stuck out too muchâ€, and a step-mother who didn’t want anything to do with the 7 yo boy after his father died in the war! ) Definitely worth reading!
Hans Asperger was a kind, principled physician who himself survived through extremely difficult times. My firsthand experience with him came from a year-long course in clinical psychology he taught at the University of Vienna 1955-56. Although during the Nazi regime he was pressured to release/transfer children in need of ongoing institutional care who were totally beyond help from his Curative Education Clinic; he meanwhile championed and unequivocally 'saved' legions of autistic children. This book unfairly discredits a truly good man. Never a Nazi or 'child murderer' as described.
Sheffer presents a detailed and thoroughly researched work. She delves into the dire and deadly perils faced by people with disabilities under the Third Reich and the pervasive influence of Nazi philosophy on today’s field of psychiatry and special education.This work represents a critical missing piece in our current understanding of disability and neurodiversity, namely, by whose standards are we defining these individuals? It should be required reading for all educators and for parents of children with disabilities, especially those who move within the autism community.
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